Concept of communication

Concept of communication

Every creature of this earth has different style to communicate each other. No any life can be existed without communication.  In the case of human being, they can’t spend even a moment. Dumb people are also used to communicate with their finger, eyes and facial gestures. 

All living thing like monkey, dog, cat, tiger etc are also used to communicate each other in their own style. For example, dogs are used to bark, cats are used to mew. But the communication process of other animal other than man is not fully developed. Even we can get some kinds of information from lighting and thunder crashing which can be also sources of some kinds of information. So, communication is too board and complex to be conceptualized.

Key point All living things communicate each other. We can even get information from Nonliving thing like thunder crashing. However, we study especially human communication. Human communication is verbal and nonverbal both.

So, the term ‘communication’ is very board in meaning as we are getting it verbally and nonverbally in our daily life. As it communicated by dumb people with their gesture only, normal human being used both verbal and nonverbal communication at the same time. Human communication is most developed form of communication among all creature of the earth. So, it should be sharing feeling, emotion, opinion and other.

¹No person live in isolation, human civilization is the result of systematic communication. Otherwise they would be somewhere in the caves as in Stone Age even in this contemporary world.

Origin of communication

²The word ‘Communication’ was originated from Latin word ‘Communico’ which means not only sending message but also sharing the information. It means that communication is purposeful. If we say something to other, they have to understand our language and should make reflection also. Talking in English with those who don’t understand is vain and in fact, it is not a communication in today’s perception. Otherwise it can be communication.

Objective of communication

People communicate for specific purpose; either for attraction or conveying information. People want to influence other by communication to make them worked as their intention. However, information always doesn’t produce intended and positive influence but also unintended and negative impact.

• Medium of sharing between source to receiver
• Inspiring receiver
• Reducing the disagreement
• Sharing knowledge, education and entertainment
• Supporting for quality of life
• Supporting for effective meaningful interaction

Definition of Communication

1.                           Communication is the process of sharing information. (Ahuja and Chhabra)

2.                           Communication is the transfer of information from sender to a receiver with the information being understood by the receiver. (Kunz and Weihrich)

3.                           The exchange of thoughts, message or information, as by speech, signals, writing or behavior. (Oxford Dictionary)

4.                           The term communication has many different meanings and definition but the central idea s of process of increased communality or sharing between participants. ( Mc Quail)

5.                           Communication is social process, and countless ways on which human beings keep in touch with one another. (Narula)

So, there are so many definitions of communication. All the definitions have emphasized on understanding between source and receiver or intended and received meaning. As a whole, the exchange of purposeful information from one person to another is communication. Communication is the process of sharing thought, feeling and perception from one person to another. Communication occurred alone is meaningless because it tends sharing of meaning with other. 

Type of communication

Communication is too broad to be classified because of its complex and sophisticated nature. However, we can classify it on the basis of expression and level as follows.

• On the basis of expression

Verbal communication: Communication which occurred in speech and other expressive language is verbal communication. This type of communication is major in human communication as it used by wide range of the people of the world in their own native language.

Non-verbal communication: Communication which occurred in gestures or other than speech or sound is non-verbal communication. Many people use gesture even while using verbal communication too. Those who can’t speak anything are used this types of communication.

• On the basis of Level

1. Intra personal communication

Speaking oneself like thinking in any issues, argument and counter argument in mind, anger, happiness etc are intra personal communication. . It includes meditation too. It is taken as psychological aspect of human being.

2. Transpersonal communication:

            Communication that occurs when people recites something but doesn't pay their attention on other people is called transpersonal communication. Religious recite of 'Mantra', crying, sobbing etc are the example of transpersonal communication.

Extra personal Communication

A communication which is occurred from non living thing beyond the participation of human being is extra personal communication. For example; thunder crashing, cloud formation, lighting etc.

3. Interpersonal communication

Communication between two persons is taken as interpersonal communication, which is completely face-to-face communication. However, It includes telephone communication and chatting in computer but it isn't face to face because of its direct contact with mechanical devices. Immediate feedback is its main feature.

4. Group communication

Communication between more than two people occurs group communication.

Meeting, assembly, class etc are the example of group communication.

Organization communication

A communication which is occurred within the premises of organization from boss to subordinate is organizational communication. This communication is usually vertical and sometime bottom up too. For example; college, industry, governmental department etc

5. Mass communication

Mass communication is society-wide process. Communication through mass media like radio, TV, newspapers, books are made possible mass communication. Before understanding of nature and characteristics of mass communication, we should know the mass communication definition. Many scholars of communication and other expert have tried to define mass communication on the basis of their own environment and context. No definition is perfect.

1.      “Mass Communication is a process in which professional communicators use media to disseminate message widely, rapidly, and continuously to arouse intended meanings in large and diverse audiences in attempt to influence them in a variety of ways." (DeFluer Dennis)

2.      Mass Communication is the large scale dissemination of symbolic contents to heterogeneous and geographically dispersed audience. (Mass Communication Dictionary)

3.      Mass communication involves the use of print or electronic media such as newspaper, magazines, film, radio or TV to communicate to large number of people who are located in various places, often scattered all over the country or the world. (Berger)

According to this definition, we can characterize mass communication as follows.

1. Mass communication is a process: Mass communication gets success after finishing the round of various stages like source, message, channel, receiver, and feedback including noise.

2. Professional communicator: The first stage in mass communication occurs when communicators shape a message into a form suitable for transmission by one of the mass media. Reporters, actors, editorial writers, preachers, official spokespersons are used to gather, edit and disseminate content where the role of technician too can be indispensable. In mass media, specialist of concerned subject prepares message with the assistance of technician. All communicators may not be professional; some may work for salary but some for their creativity. So professional communicators can only enlighten and guide society. Amateur communicator can go against the spirit and order of society but professional one can't distort their job.

3. Rapid and continuous dissemination: the speed and acceleration of message flow is very high in mass communication process. Dissemination of message without delay to overcome time and distance is necessary in mass communication process. In the sense of journalism, scoop in news is necessary to be pioneer in news collection to compete and lead in the market. Current sophisticated technology, the amalgamation of microwave transmission, computerized typesetting, and communication satellite, has expanded the capacity of mass media too.  

4. Large and diverse audience: There is no strong friendship, loyalties or family ties among large and diverse audience. Audiences are diverse in age, sex, occupation, skill, education, caste, mother tongue, and nationality. So, audiences are heterogeneous, non-interactive and anonymous.

5. Achievement of similarities of meaning: we have seen that the essence of human communication is the achievement of more or less parallel sets of meaning between those sending and those attending to the message. There should be configuration between encoding and decoding.

6. Influence of people: Audiences are believed to change positively their life-style. They should feel easy to think about life with media. Cognitive, affective and behavioral changes are expected by mass media. They have long-term, short-term, planned and unplanned effect after using media, but we should always try to make impact positively not negatively.

7. Delay feedback: in mass communication process, there is no possibility of instant feedback and no direct relationship between source and audience.

Distinction between interpersonal and mass communication

Interpersonal communication	Mass communication
1.participation of two people 2.Two-way communication 3. Instant and quick feedback 4.Face-to-face relationship 5.Low possibility of noise 6. Lack of professional communicator 7. Content selection in two-way agreement 8.Content of individual interest 9.Content isn't opened to all, only to two people 10. Role of human sensory organ	1.participation of Mass of people 2.One-way flow of communication 3.Delay and little feedback 4.Relationship through technology 5.More noise 6. Professional communicator 7. Great role of communicator for content selection 8.Content of public importance 9.Content is opened to all, to large number of people 10.Role of machine, not a human organ

Human communication

• Auditory communication: A communication which is concerned to our ear is auditory communication. For example; listening of music, listing the voice of parents etc
• Tactile communication: A communication which is perceived with the help of our skin is tactile communication. For example; feeling hot and cold
• Olfactory communication: A communication which is understood with the support of nose is olfactory communication. For example; good smelling, bad smelling etc.
• Taste communication: Human beings are used to get the feeling of sour, bitter with the help of the tongue. In this way, communication understood with the perceiving power of tongue is taste communication.
• Visual Communication: A communication which is understood with the help of eyes is visual communication. This communication is most effective communication than other.

Introduction to Journalism

Journalism is the process of gathering, evaluating, and publishing facts of current interest and affairs in all forms of words, sounds and pictures. In journalism, reporters research and write stories, and then editors evaluate the stories and prepare them for publication. The earliest journalists produced their stories for newspapers and periodicals only. With technological advances, journalism came to include other media, such as radio, documentary or newsreel films, television, and the Internet. So now it, journalism, includes mainly as news and it's reporting. Reporting in human interest topics as fast as it can is its key feature.   The earliest known journalistic effort was the Acta Diurna (Daily Events) of ancient Rome. In the 1st century BC, statesman Julius Caesar ordered these handwritten news bulletins posted each day in the Forum, a large public space.

The word journalism is originated from English word journal which was derived from French word jour which means of the day. It has also relationship with Latin word Dirunum which means pertaining to the day. So, all activities of mass media relating to daily event are journalism. So journalism is a part of mass communication where all mass communication isn't journalism but all journalism is mass communication. Now journalism is profession of social service which define the daily event accurately, balance and credibly. Truthfulness, loyalty to society, public commentary or criticism, relevant to local area and reflection of social reality are the benchmark of journalism.

Some definitions of journalism

1.        Journalism is literature of hurry – Matthew Arnold .

2.        Put it before them quickly so they will read it, clearly so they appreciate it, picturesquely so they will remember it and above all, accurately so they will be guided by its light – Joseph Pulitzer.

3.        Journalists are complainers, critics, advisors, emperor's representatives and teacher of the nation. Four journals in opposition are more frightening than four thousand bayonets – Napoleon Bonaparte.

4.        Journalism is the ability to meet the challenge of filling space – Rebecca West.

5.        The sole aim of journalism is service – Mahatma Gandhi.

6.        Journalism is the business of timely knowledge – C.G. Mular.

7.        Journalism is the part of social activities which is concerned with the dissemination of news and views about society – B. N. Ahuja.

8.        Journalism is a profession of transmitting to the public news and views of the current interest – The news world encyclopedia.

Characteristics of journalism

·         It always deals with news and current affairs program

·         It is the process of collecting, editing  and dissemination of information from one place to other

·         It is the process of reflecting society

·         It always deals with local issues or issues connected to local people

·         It is always guided by ethical standard

·         It is the process of disseminating daily events of any locality

·         All journalism are mass communication but al communication can not be journalism

Types of journalism

According to the medium of journalism, we can classify journalism as follows.

·         Print journalism:  The news and current affairs dissemination process through newspapers is included as print journalism.

·         TV journalism: The news and current affairs dissemination process through TV with audio-visual presentation is included as TV journalism.

·         Radio journalism: The news and current affairs dissemination process through radio with audio presentation is included as radio journalism.

·         Photo journalism: The news and current affairs dissemination process through newspapers with photography is included as photo journalism where caption is important element.  

·         Online journalism: The news and current affairs dissemination process through online with especial support of WWW Web is included as online journalism.

·         Investigative journalism: Investigative journalism is the process of collecting, evaluating, editing and disseminating of that information which are suppressed or hidden by the concerned authority or power holder. Such reporting or journalism is only made possible by teamwork, which should be recognized by the editorial department of given media and should get support from police administration. This journalism is quite risky journalism than other. Highly experienced journalist should be involved in such reporting, that may take even week, month or year. Sometime, it never can be successful to get real information. For example; water gate scandal, Vietnam secret paper, mobile scandal of JP Gupta, misuse of the transport management officer etc.

·         Sting Journalism: It is also the branch of investigative journalism in which journalists generally seizes or raid particular event or person like police force. It is the analysis of the nature of the operation of the journalist resulting in the accusation of person as a fraudulent and killing their carrier for a life time. The permission should be acquired for the legal security of the journalist. Sting operation is related to find out the criminal mentality of individual which is exposed by journalist to prevent those actions.  

·         Advocacy journalism: It is a journalism which supports any social or political issues with non-objective way which is transparently and intentionally supported in the favor of the particular goal. However, this journalism is completely different than propaganda that is adopted for the upliftment or development of particular community or gender or ethnicity. For example; Sancharika Samuha tha t advocates in the favor of women.

·         Cheque book journalism: This journalism is related to the booking of the source after the payment of huge amount of money to a particular person or organization or any other source of information. Some extent, it is related to crime journalism. It is the result of illegitimate media competition who bye sources making agreement by prohibiting them to convey this message to other media worker. This is unethical journalism which is against right to information and right to freedom that bars socially responsible journalism. If this practice of journalism is allowed, only economically viable media will dominate the entire journalistic sector. Therefore, this practice is wrong practices and objected by communication expert and others.

·         Citizen Journalism: This journalism is also called public, grassroots level or participatory or democratic journalism. In this journalism, professional media worker only supports or facilitate citizen to exchange their occurring. For example, public pole, Sarwajanik Sunuwai etc.

·         Community Journalism: This journalism is locally oriented coverage that typically focuses on city, neighborhood, individual, rural or other local issues for the development of local people. Such media may or may not publish regularly because of their financial crisis which is operated by local people, to local people and for local people. Any news issues valuable to local society are used to be covered. For example, wall paper, community radio, community newspaper, community TV. Etc.

·         Gonzo Journalism: It is subjective writing of information which is usually presented in first person narrative. Use of automation, satire, humor, exaggeration and profanity are main feature of this journalism. For example, Geeti Katha with first person narrative.

·         Narrative journalism: This journalism is usually presented in fiction or story format. Sometimes it is not fictional too. Some critics believe that this style is the branch of the literary journalism. Accurate or researched information are presented in the format of journalism.

·         Watchdog journalism: This journalism is activist journalism which is usually presented to reveal the wrongdoing of the government official. This journalism keeps records of right and wrong doing of any power holder which do not agree on positive assertion made by them. It is also called beware journalism which is different than lap dog journalism. Lapdog journalism is more compliance to power holder and does not does not go against those people, whereas watch dog journalism completely go against wrongdoer.

·         Civic journalism: It is also the branch of public journalism which is practiced by professional journalists. This journalism is contrary to citizen journalism because citizen journalism is practiced by layman, whereas civic journalism is practiced by those people who have the knowledge, academic qualifications, training including ethical standard.

On the basis of presentation

·         Investigative journalism

·         Sting journalism

·         Advocacy journalism

·         Cheque book journalism

·         Citizen journalism

·         Community journalism

·         Gonzo journalism

·         Narrative journalism

·         Watchdog journalism

On the basis of practice

·         Espionage journalism

·         Gangster journalism

·         Periodical journalism

·         Mission journalism

·         Yellow journalism

On the basis of issues

·         General journalism

·         Economical journalism

·         Development journalism

·         ]Sports journalism

·         Environment journalism

·         Entertainment journalism

Yellow journalism:

Yellow journalism is started from early 1890's, which was incredibly sensational journalism. At the beginning of the twentieth century, every industry had its baron, and the most notorious-if not the greatest of the press lords was William Randolph Hearst. Hearst specialized in buying up failing newspapers and transforming them into profitable enterprise. In 1878, Joseph Pulitzer became interested in journalism. He turned the St. Louis Post Dispatch into a grand success and he bought New York World too. He obviously found a formula for newspaper success, and his innovations are worth considering. He attracted a mass readership by reintroducing the sensationalized news of the penny press era into his paper.

Soon, Pulitzer and Hearst were engaged in a fierce circulation battle as each paper attempted to out-sensationalize the other. At first, Pulitzer got success to sell heavily the New York Sunday World selling more than 300,000 newspaper covering melodrama, disaster, sensational photograph, comic strip etc. Pulitzer employed one cartoonist to make yellow kids particularly it featured bald-headed, toothless, grinning kid, clad in a yellow saclike garment that represented absolutely poor urban slum area and became very popular. On the other hand, William Randolph Hearst was also expanding the circulation of San Francisco Examiner and later he bought New York Journal in 1895 to make it competitor of New York world of Pulitzer. Then Hearst bought the cartoonist of Pulitzer of yellow kid and started to cover more sensational reports, more comics and other human-interest topics. Even the headline of Hearst was quite sensational. So every citizen of New York made comment on his presentation. Sometime he presented fake reports and photograph to which became fate of journalism in that very time. Soon many other American newspapers followed their tradition. So that kinds of sensational presentation of journalism is now considered as yellow journalism.

Function of communication, mass communication and journalism

 As the sub system of large social system, mass communication has very great significant role in the society. In fact, no society can run and mobilize its resources without the support of mass media. Generally, we believe that all the social phenomenon and activities are interconnected by the help of mass communication, which has established very well relationship between and among all social system and its value. But mass communication always can't play positive function in the society because of the dysfunction and the noise of communication process. However we can't undermine the role of mass communication in contemporary society. Generally the function of mass communication can be summarized as follows.

1.      To inform: Mass media provides us fact, opinion, subjective and objective, primary and secondary information to aware us social event. It consists all news , feature, documentary, opinion, editorial, news analysis, including other personal profile which guide us what to do and what not to do in particular situation.

2.      To educate: Mass media are taken as potent force for public enlighten, supplementing and continuing the new institution of universal schooling, public libraries and popular education. Media provide education directly and indirectly. Distance education program, teacher training program are direct but all other program related to culture, health, science, and technology, sanitation, quality of life, balance diet are indirect. Now the concept of Open University is expanded with the support of mass media.

3.      To entertain: Many contents of mass media like tale, comic, tele-film, humor, farce, ironical article, film, documentary are presented for the entertainment of general public. Now the concept of infotainment is being buzzword of contemporary society too. Mass media are central hub of general public for entertainment in leisure time because of its cheap entertainment medium. However, all entertainment programs aren't presented as healthy manner. So we should encourage only positive entertainment oriented program.

4.      To persuade: Mass media convince the people to do something while they are in skepticism and dilemma. Persuasion always focuses on guidance of mind of people. Mass media often try to persuade people through advertisement, opinion, editorial and commentaries that are persuasive purpose obviously. Persuasion is also positive and negative.

5.      To advertise: The advertisement function of mass media is indispensable part too. It is concerned to the media profit. So media advertise goods and service to establish goodwill of such goods and service in the market by selling the time and space to various entrepreneur and social organization.

6.      To transmit norms and values (Socialization): People use mass media to keep in touch with what is going on in society and to make sure they are not surprised by something that might be important to them. Mass media helps people in the process of acculturation and enculturation. The main logic underlying this topic is that the media can teach norms and values by way of symbolic reward and   punishment for different kinds of behavior as represented in the media. The media play a part in the early socialization of children and long-term socialization of adults. However, we can't undermine that media can reinforce and support other agencies of socialization like school, college, and religious institution.

7.      To act as surveillance: Mass media always depict the evil thing of society by observing their activities. Media observe not only the human threat but also the natural calamities and disaster. So we can further categorize it into two sub-topics, which are 'beware' surveillance and institutional surveillance. As the beware surveillance, mass media alerts us about earthquake, war, military operation, volcano eruption which are fatal to human being including the whole creature. On the other hand, as the "institutional' surveillance, media provide us information about stock market, sports, fashion, recipe etc. which aren't actually threatening to human world.

8.      To link and correlate social phenomenon: Posing only the problem isn't a function of mass communication. It should help to solve the problem or to search the alternative way of solution for social welfare, social equality, order and peace too. On the one hand, media present analytical and in-depth issues in the form of editorial, news analysis, opinion, articles, talk show etc. On the other hand, media correlates all supreme body of nation like legislative, executive and judiciary body presenting all information owned to them for social welfare. So, explaining, interfering and commenting on the meaning of events and information are also important function of media.

9.      To help for mobilization of technology and resources: Mass media are used in campaigning for societal objectives in the sphere of politics, war, economic development and religious advancement. It helps to mobilize manpower and natural resources for overall development of nation.

10.  To integrate society: Without integration there can be no agreements on goals and means and no coordinated activities to achieve them in society. Both, functional and normative integration according to meanings is indispensable. If media excite any group of society, no order, control and stability will be there. So, the environment of adaptation to change for reconciliation in society should be made by mass media.

Communication in national and global perspective

Mass communication is society-wide communication process. However it is very difficult to determine the scope of mass communication because it includes wide variety of subject of different societal background. It includes whether political science, sociology, anthropology, economics, psychology, marketing, environment including all genre having existence in society. So it is the sub-system of larger social system. It interconnects wide variety of discipline. It expands wide variety of relationship between and among societal circumstances. However, we have to conceptualize its scope according to reach of technology determined by time and distance as follows.

1. Local scope: - Under the local scope of mass communication, all content are bounded and targeted for local people. For example, the newspapers of various districts, FM radio of rural area etc where only local people have access to given media.
2. National scope: - National scope of mass communication is bounded within the boundary of country where content is disseminated only taking mind of national audience or citizen of given country. For example, Kantipur TV, Nepal TV, Gorkhapatra etc.
3. Regional scope: - Regional scope of mass communication is viewed to focus specific region like SAARC, ASEAN or other Continent where content originating in and intended for more than one country, not a whole earth but some special place. For example, Asian version of BBC and CNN, Star channel for south-Asia and other newspapers.
4. Global scope: - Global scope of mass communication is viewed as international economical integration and as a mechanism for promoting global liberal capitalism. Global communication is always multilateral where content is produced or disseminated without a specific national audience in mind. Such a mass media almost cover whole globe or earth.

There are ..... TV stations, ........ FM radio stations, .... daily newspapers, ... biweekly newspapers, ......... weekly newspaper, ....... fortnightly magazines in Nepal. Out of them, ..... daily newspapers, ..... biweekly newspapers, .......... weekly newspapers are being published regularly in Nepal. However, the operation of radio and TV is mentionable in comparison to print media. Though there is the scarcity of advertisement, different media are operated. These media are called local or national media which have little scope than global media. All content are bound or target to local audiences or people living within national territory. These media have less influence and effect in international arena.

Other regional media like Himal South Asia, Times of India, APCA are considered as regional media which usually focuses on specific region like SAARC, ASEAN, Arab world etc.

Global scope of mass communication is viewed as international economical integration as a mechanism for promoting global liberal capitalism. Global communication is always multilateral where content is produced or disseminated without the specific audiences of nation. Such media almost cover whole globe or earth. BBC, DW, AP, AFP, Wall Street Journal, Washington Post, Time Magazine etc. are global media. Those media usually cover internationally recognized negative event or issues. Such media are possible because of the expansion of multinational company or inter-governmental organization which are the outcome of global liberal democracy.

Because of the expansion of such media, local culture, rights, rituals, language are superseded. To stop such negative effect from global media, local media should also be strong to disseminate local issues. The contemporary society follows the principle of think globally, act locally. Otherwise, national or local identity will be invaded. Hybrid culture, American or Indian culture will be prevalent replacing all the originality of local state.

Despite the some flaws of global media, it has established the universalization of information, information society and information superhighway.

Professionalism in communication and journalism

Professionalism is the concept of job which has the motive of economic gain. However, this economical gain should be supported by formal academic education and training on given field of area. Certain qualities and principles of the subject matters should also be followed. Expertise, academic qualification, training, service and economical motive, ethical standard are benchmark of professionalism. Profession which is followed without economical motive is not professionalism in general cases. However, highly professional people support society as a whole free of cost without economical motives in exceptional cases. Economically viability to fulfill the basic needs like food, shelter, clothing and other expenditure should be recovered from particular job. To make the profession more professional, different watchdog agency focuses on standardized principles too.

 The rapid development in communication technology and its separation in the various professions in various media like Radio, TV, Online, and Print etc have further created the concept of professionalism. Professionalism is as a whole system and status of given occupation which involves the personal qualified service with expert nature.  To be professional, they must have minimum academic and personal qualifications prescribed by law or by the related professional associations.

Characteristics of professionalism in communication

1.      Formal education and training in mass communication and journalism:

2.      Organized and specialized knowledge in communication:

3.      Concerned mostly to professional ethical standard

4.      Economical reliance in the communication field

5.      Acting within the framework of code of ethics

6.      Giving high place value to social responsibility

7.      To be far from the undue benefit

8.       to be abided with professional association and its norms and values

From this point of view, we can analyze that financial management does not satisfy clearly with the professionalism because they clearly focus themselves in profit generated activities.  Like other professions, communication sector does not restrict the entry into the various job of communication if they have skills and capacity to work with communication process. Some editors are there who doesn’t have even a certificate of SLC, but only the experience.  No minimum qualifications have yet been prescribed for communication job except the editor here in the context of journalism and mass communication in Nepal. No any authority can grant the certificate for practice of mass communication job too. As the social recognition of communication, it is separate field of profession to be professional from its origin.

However, after evaluating these entire features, Nepalese communication isn’t fully professional but tending toward professionalism. It takes time to be culture and system of professionalism. Even well established media are not following the concept of professionalism though they have the understanding of this term. Application of working journalist Act can add the flavor of concept to professionalism in Nepal.

Elements of professionalism

• Formal education: professional people should have the specific knowledge in particular area though there is no clear demarcation of educational standard in communication profession. It is highly encourage having good education in same area.
• Training in same occupation: People cannot be professional with formal academic knowledge without training. Trainings help people to understand particular problem and its way of solution which also helps to increase the experience of individual for specialization.
• Service Motive: Every professional should support social integrity, social harmony and social welfare. They should not have ill intention to degrade these elements.  
• Economical motive: Communication is the process dealing both social responsibility and business. Without business, no organization and individual can run. Every job holder should recover their basic goods from the same profession without relying on other job in which they have academic knowledge.
• Institutional framework: Every profession has their own watch dog agencies which formulates professional principle and standard with effective monitoring mechanism. For example: IFJ, FNJ, Press Council Nepal etc.
• Ethical standard: Every profession has their own code of conduct for the purpose of self regulation which is ascertained for self righteous purposes. Ethics helps to use common sense of professionals to make their behavior compatible to society. For example; journalist Code of Conduct, 2060, ASNE Code of Conduct, 1975 etc.

News operation

News operation deals with execution of news which crosses some procedure like collection of news, editing news and dissemination of news. Various staff with various capacities is involved in news operation. The team of various individual made for the purpose of news is called editorial board. Independency of editorial is the benchmark of news operation in which editorial team should be free to collect and disseminate information without interference of investors, owners, advertisers and other power holder.

Generally various reporters like beat reporters, trainee reporters, liner, stringer, special correspondent are involved in news collection as a ingredient part of the news operation. However, parachute reporters are being the trouble for global journalism that covers issues without perfect understanding of issues. Specialized reporters should be appointed to cover the issues freely and fairly. All reporters should have good understanding of principle of journalism like accuracy, balance, credibility, truthfulness, fairness, watchdog role supporting the ethical standard.

All the collected news and information are used to be evaluated by various sub editor or news editor. They should not distort or misled the meaning or story in the name of editing. Editing room consists of editor, sub editor, feature editor, lay out editor, book review editor etc who are appointed as per the capacity of media organizations.

In the context of Nepalese weekly newspapers, one is all principle is applied in which same person works as a reporter, editor or advertising collector. Therefore, they do not have professionalism in news operation. However, some of the national dailies are practicing professionalism by appointing staff for specialization of the issues.

All the editorial members are free to disseminate any news and information having news value which is guided by the house style. In all genre of journalism like news article, interview, editorial, feature, column, news is quite objective whereas others are quite subjective. No opinion of the reporter can be mixed into news whereas same facilities are applied in feature or editorial. Evidence of proof, quotation and authority are included in news to give authentic information form authorized persons.

Communication and social change

Different kinds of communication has crucial role to change the social norms and values and communal attitude and behavior. We should efficiently use mass media to relegate the superstition, discrimination, misbehave and other cultural disintegration to establish harmony, fraternity and social order.

Communication works as mediator which helps to reconcile social dispute. According Uma Narula, communications is the mirror and moulder of society in which communication either reflects the social reality or change the norms and values according to certain standard prevalent in civilized society of nations. There is the interconnection between individual behavior and mass media including other form of communication that helps to change

·         Cognitive

·         Behavioral and

·         Affective status of the audiences.

Communication also helps in socialization of people in the coordination with the school, college and other religious institution. As a whole, communication covers social rites, rituals, cultural incident, facts and figure, and other information. Then only general people understand strength and weakness social background that helps to formulate social agenda or political agenda in the initiation of civil society.

On the one hand, press is itself forth estate of nation which makes coordination between and among executive, legislative and judiciary body of the state. On the other hand, it makes coordination between and among different social phenomenon for the integrity of the society.

In conclusion, the ultimate goal of the communication is to establish social welfare, peace, order, justice, equality, and discrimination free society.