Editing

Editing 

Suman Acharya

• Copy reading or proof reading

Copy reading mainly includes the correction of manuscript using various kinds of proof reading symbol. Copy reading is the process of finding out any mistake after reciting by copy reader and improving mistake by copy holder which is, in fact, old practices. Modern technology including computer and other have played significant role in the course of action of proof reading replacing the old tiresome and turbulent job of proof reader.

 Before the application of modern technology, there were, at least, two people were necessary where one copy reader used to read aloud the subject matter and copy holder used to make correction on the basis of pronunciation of copy reader. But now, even single individual can make proof reading without the assistance of other people, even without using various proofreading symbol in computer. General mistake especially in English language is corrected by language software of computer. For example, Microsoft words shows general mistake of language except facts, figure and name. However, it doesn't mean we should use only this modern technology but we can use both traditional and modern technique. So proof reading means reading a proof copy of the text in order to detect and correct any mistakes.

So the step of copy reading or process of a proof-reading can be summarized as follows.

a.                  Use of best  typography

It should be as per the text and reader's interest like Verdana, Times New Roman, Annapurna, Kantipur etc as per the language and its various style of font like Italic, bold, Underline including the border and shading is looked to make it fit in assigned place. .

b.                  Use of Symbols for proof-reading

There are various proofreading symbol which are generally used to make any correction or improvement and used to put these symbol especially in margin of left or right or where the exact mistake occurred which makes the proofreader noticeable to mistake. For example,

#             Keep space

=             Make close

§           Delete

NP        Next paragraph

W.f.      Wrong typeface

Bf.       Make bold

SP.       Use letter than number etc.

c.                   Proofreading  time and again

Proofreading should be made fully without undertaking any small mistake in the text. So it should be as follows.

a.              Cultivate a healthy sense of doubt. If there are types of errors you know you tend to make, double check for those.

b.              Read very slowly. If possible, read out loud. Read one word at a time.

c.              Read what is actually on the page, not what you think is there. (This is the most difficult sub-skill to acquire, particularly if you wrote what you are reading).

d.             Proofread more than once. If possible, work with someone else.

d.                  Duties and limitations of proof-reader:

If there is any mistake in newspaper, the credibility of this media will be lost. So proof reader has very crucial role to make grammatically correct language in any reporting or news or article or column or feature. So the function of proof reader is as follows.

1.            Proofreader should improve language in his responsible area.

2.            He/she shouldn't distort the meaning as written by reporter or other.

3.            But they can select best font style or typography as per the text.

4.            He/she should make proofreading as per House style of given media house.

5.            He/she should finish their job within deadline otherwise it will be delay to be published or broadcasted.

6.            Symbol used by them should be understandable by printer and other.

7.            Proofreader should carry his or her duty in collaboration with subeditor or copyeditor.

8.            So the function of proofreader is to fit original copy prepared by copyeditor into computerized copy.

e.           Tips for proofreader

a.                   Don't use only computer software only, use your mind too.

b.                  Proofread for only one kind of error at a time

c.                   Read slowly and every word

d.                  Circle every punctuation word

e.                   Ignorance can't make you a good proofreader

f.                   It is learning process. So, never hesitate.

g.                  Read the paper backward

h.                  Separate the text into individual sentence.

·         Sub-editing

The sub-editing is the process to sub copy to make it fit to print which includes collecting, selecting, arranging, reducing, framing, translating and adaptingfor publication according to the importance of the copy.

2.      text handling

3.      style

4.      spelling and grammar

5.      writing strong headlines, stand firsts and captions

6.      law for sub

7.      proof-reading

8.      type

9.      Working within deadlines.

So, the function ob subeditor may be expressed as follows;

1. Checking of facts from the view-point of truth, accuracy and balance.
2. Skills in grammar and word usage, punctuation, spelling, style, fact checking, use of reference books, and writing headlines and captions will be taught and developed through assignments.
3. Be acquainted with the most common errors that copy editors fix and have experience in finding those errors.
4. Know what the copy editor's standard reference books are and what a copy editor is expected to look up.
5. Know the standard proofreader's marks and be able to use them.
6. Be familiar with news-industry terms concerning page design, layout, and typography.
7. Know the different requirements of working on electronic systems (computer) and on paper (manuscript).
8. Understand the mechanics of writing headlines and captions.
9. Know the function of a style book and the importance of consistency in style.
10. attention on Word usage
11.  checking  facts and figure
12. Within an article: determination of proper names dates (chronology), etc.
13. Within a graphics: determination of layout (abbreviations, capitalization, fonts, etc.)
14. In a multi-page layout (body text, headlines, captions, art elements)
15. In a story package, i.e. multiple stories, sidebars
16. making queries to the author

Function of sub editor

1.       Text handling

2.       Style

3.       Spelling and grammar

4.       Writing strong headlines stand firsts and captions

5.       Law for sub

6.       Proof-reading

7.       Type

8.       Working within deadlines.

Distinction of sub-editor from reporter

The job of reporter is to gather news and write it for their organization whereas a subeditor makes it fit to print. Reporters go out in the field while subeditors work at the news desk where all the news that comes, is selected, edited, each news story is given a suitable headline and its place in newspaper is decided.

But reporting and editing sides aren't water tight compartments. Reporters can exchange places with subeditors. In many newspapers it is a routine. A sub editor is sent on a reporting assignment many a time. He is also asked to write news items from the hands out that land up in a newspaper office when reporters are away. 

·         Rewriting of news

Rewriting of news is one of the most important functions of sub editors which deal with creating a new manuscript or a part of manuscript from information supplied by others in their preliminary writing. It is necessary to make the news story better than first writing of reporters. If the story isn't concise and well managed with basic ingredients of news, then rewriting is necessary. Generally rewriting function is taken by editor but sometime reporter himself can be asked to rewrite his or her copy of news.

Why re-write a news story

All the reporters aren't equally competent in their writing. Sometimes, the issues of reporting make them difficult to run the story smoothly. In such a situation, rewriting is necessary. The copy editors should first read a story of the reporter and ask them rewrite again. If the copy editors have enough time, he can rewrite news story himself.

Editing is to edit the news but rewrite means to write the story again. It means the more load lies with a rewriting of news than editing. If copy editors get many mistakes not only in terms of language, grammars but also in terms of theme of news structures including facts, figure and details, in that case, rewriting is utmost things.  If the most important part of the news story put at the last of the news, if the lead isn't supported by 5wh, reporter himself or subeditor makes rewriting under the guidance of master copy.

There are many cub reporters, stringers, and junior reporters in newspapers who have little idea over news story. Therefore, to trim these reports and get the beautiful news story disseminated in news media, rewriting is necessary.  So, rewrite involves major surgery into their entire story or a part of it too.

1. To make news story clear: To make the wording of the news story clear and simply understandable to general people, rewriting is necessary.
2. To make news story relevant to context: If target group don't ready to take news story as reliable and concerned to them, disseminating such news can't produce any positive effect over them. So, to make news story relevant to context, rewriting is necessary.
3. To follow the rule of brevity: Long writing can't attract the eyes of people. Sometime short writing too can't be attractive to them. So, rewriting is necessary to make news story understandable.
4. To make writing consistent: Dubious facts shouldn't be presented in news story. If it is, rewriting is necessary.
5. To get freedom from errors: A lot of grammatical mistakes, syntax, word selection, typos, and misspelling can spoil reader's experience. To correct it, rewriting is necessary.

What are its norms and limits?

1. While rewriting, theme of news story shouldn't be distorted.
2. Reporter or subeditor shouldn't add their own opinion.
3. sub editor or reporter should check out facts, dates and historical records
4. The editorial tools should be consulted with for checking facts: reference section, Almanac, World atlas, dictionaries, etc.
5. While rewriting, rewriter should follow style    book of concerned media house.
6. They shouldn't forget to correct mistakes.
7. The rewriter should follow: Accurate, Balance and Credible writing thorough, fair and readable the stories.

·         Editorial freedom

Editorial independence is the freedom of editors or editorial board to make decisions without interference from the owners of a publication. Editorial independence is tested, for instance, if a newspaper runs articles that may be unpopular with its advertising customers.

The editorial board is a group of people, usually at a print publication, who dictate the tone and direction the publication's editorials will take.

Editorial boards meet on a regular basis to discuss the latest news and opinion trends and discuss what the newspaper should say on a range of issues. They will then decide who will write what editorials and for what day. When such an editorial appears in a newspaper, it is considered the institutional opinion of that newspaper.

At some newspapers, the editorial board will also review wire service and syndicated columns for inclusion on the editorial page or op-ed page.

Some newspapers, particularly small ones, do not have an editorial board, choosing instead to rely on the judgment of a single editorial page editor.

Book and magazine publishers will often use their editorial boards to review or select manuscripts or articles, and sometimes to check facts.

• Column writing

A column is a recurring piece or article in a newspaper, magazine or other publication. Columns are written by columnists. Therfefore, column is a regular feature or series of articles in a newspaper, magazine, or the like, usually having a readily identifiable heading and the byline of the writer or editor, that reports or comments upon a particular field of interest, as politics, theater, or etiquette, or which may contain letters from readers, answers to readers' queries, etc

What differentiates a column from other forms of journalism is that it meets each of the following criteria:

• It is a regular feature in a publication
• It is personality-driven by the author 
• It explicitly contains an opinion or point of view

A columnist is a journalist who writes for publication in a series, creating copy that can sometimes be strongly opinionated. Columns appear in newspapers, magazines and other publications, including blogs on the Internet. Readers often open a publication with an expectation of reading a new essay by a specific writer who offers a personal point of view. Some columnists appear on a daily basis and later reprint the same material in book collections.

Types of column

·         Advice Column: An advice column is a column at a magazine or newspaper written by an advice columnist . The image presented was originally of an older woman providing comforting advice and maternal wisdom, hence the name "aunt". An advice columnist can also be someone who gives advice to people who send in problems to the newspaper. An advice columnist answers readers' queries on personal problems, in particular giving advice about health problems. The nominal writer may be a pseudonym, or in effect a brand name; the accompanying picture may bear little resemblance to the actual author.

·         Critic Column: The word critic comes from the Greek words named Kriticos that means "able to discern", which refers a person who offers reasoned judgment or analysis, value judgment, interpretation, or observation. The term can be used to describe an adherent of a position disagreeing with or opposing the object of criticism. Modern critics include professionals or amateurs who regularly judge or interpret performances or other works (such as those of artists, scientists, musicians, or actors), and typically publish their observations, often in periodicals. Critics are numerous in certain fields, including art, music, film, theatre or drama, restaurant, and scientific publication critics. Many magazines feature editorials, mainly by the editor or publisher of the publication. Additionally, most print publications feature an editorial, or letter from the editor, sometimes followed by a Letters to the Editor section.

·         Gossip Column: It is idle talk or rumour, especially about the personal or private affairs of others. It forms one of the oldest and most common means of sharing (unproven) facts and views, but also has a reputation for the introduction of errors and other variations into the information transmitted. The term also carries implications that the news so transmitted (usually) has a personal or trivial nature, as opposed to normal conversation. The term is sometimes used to specifically refer to the spreading of dirt and misinformation, as (for example) through excited discussion of scandals. Some newspapers carry "gossip columns" which detail the social and personal lives of celebrities or of élite members of certain communities.

·         Humour  Column: It is the tendency of particular cognitive experiences to provoke laughter and provide amusement. Many theories exist about what humour is and what social function it serves. People of all ages and cultures respond to humour. The majority of people are able to be amused, to laugh or smile at something funny, and thus they are considered to have a "sense of humour." A sense of humour is the ability to experience humour, although the extent to which an individual will find something humorous depends on a host of variables, including geographical location, culture, maturity, level of education, intelligence, and context. For example, young children may possibly favour slapstick, such as Punch and Judy puppet shows or cartoons (e.g., Tom and Jerry). Satire may rely more on understanding the target of the humour, and thus tends to appeal to more mature audiences. Nonsatirical humour can be specifically termed "recreational drollery."

·         Food Column: A food column is a type of newspaper column dealing with food. It may be focused on recipes, health trends, or improving efficiency. It is generally geared towards gourmets or "foodies".

Op-ed page

The editorial page, also known as the opinion page, is the page reserved in a newspaper or magazine for the publication's editorial. Frequently letters to the editor, the masthead, and editorial cartoons are also printed here or continued on to the Op-ed page.

An op-ed, abbreviated from opposite the editorial page (though often believed to be abbreviated from opinion-editorial), is a newspaper article that expresses the opinions of a named writer who is usually unaffiliated with the newspaper's editorial board. These are different from editorials, which are usually unsigned and written by editorial board members. Op-eds are so named because they are generally printed on the page opposite the editorial.

Although standard editorial pages have been printed by newspapers for many centuries, the first modern op-ed page was created in 1921 by Herbert Bayard Swope of The New York Evening World. When he took over as editor in 1920, he realized that the page opposite the editorials was "a catchall for book reviews, society boilerplate, and obituaries." He is quoted as writing:

"It occurred to me that nothing is more interesting than opinion when opinion is interesting, so I devised a method of cleaning off the page opposite the editorial, which became the most important in America... and thereon I decided to print opinions, ignoring facts.  

Ownership

Vertical Ownership

An ownership having investment in different area of the same media market from production to distribution is vertical ownership in to maximized the profit from other media owned by other for e.g., all the required area of business are owned under same ownership  of television as follows.

• Studio.
• Production house
• VJ training
• Camera shop
• Television shop
• television maintenance center
• Advertisement agency
• Cable service provider.

Horizontal ownership

An ownership having investment in all kinds of existing media is horizontal ownership. For e.g. Ownership on radio both (AM and FM), television both (entertainment and informative) Newspaper Both (daily and Weekly) Magazine, online media book publishing Company cinema hall film production company under same media ownership. In the context of Nepal, Kantipur publication on Pvt. Ltd has such ownership.

Chain ownership

The concentration of different media under single organization is chain ownership. This ownership is the consequences of excessive media competition, economically viable media started to buy all other media having loss in market. As a result, there will be concentration of all media under single umbrella ownership as a chain. However, individual management committee of each media is quite independent for their transaction. But the overall income goes to the main owner of the media. For example; DW of German as the umbrella ownership of different 41 distinctive media.

Cross Ownership

An ownership having and investment in media and non media market both is cross ownership which is also called conglomerate ownership. For example; ownership of bank, insurance company, biscuit factory and media like Radio, TV etc. Cross ownership is also referring to cross between electronic and print media too. However, with the growing liberalization and globalization of investment, no legal enactment of the nay nation can make such criteria in today's world. Media owner may decide about such ownership themselves as per their necessity.

Functions, Duties and Powers of the Council:

The functions, duties and power of the Council shall be as follows:-

·         To make suggestions to His Majesty's Government by reviewing from time to time the policies relating to journalism and by obtaining suggestions from the concerned quarters.

·         To enforce a code of conduct for journalism by drawing it up with a view to development healthy journalism.

·         To make suggestions to Nepal Government for the development of journalism.

·         To keep an up-to date record concerning the circulation of paper.

·         To take necessary actions, upon receipt of any complaint by the Council, as to any news item published in any paper.

·         To submit an annual report to His Majesty's Government on the studies and evaluation carried out on the activities and prevailing situation of papers, and

·         To carry out inquiries into the anti-social and objectionable items published in any paper.

Digitalization in communication

It is the4 general term used for the process of the computerization of all data transmission, storage and processing, employing the binary code (0+1), and as such basis for convergence of media it is certainly best known in reference to replacement of traditional analogue system by digital transmission system of TV signal, radio signal, satellite signal leading to a large increase in potential capacity and scope for the interactivity. The process of digitalization has been making positive effect on Nepalese mass media after the restoration of democracy. The majority of the TV signal has accessed to satellite which inherently refers to the digitalization process. Numbers of the TV channels is being increased. TV reception system has changed from household receiver to direct wireless system. Wireless system in telephone and radioactive appliance are being affected by digital system. Large portion of urban area has been covered by digital system. However, majority rural area is aloof from digital system.

Public service broadcasting

It is the system of broadcasting that is publicly founded and operated in a non profit way in order to meet needs of various public communications of all citizens of nations. Such service survives on the ground of general public interest and it can meet certain communication needs that tend to be neglected in commercial system because their issues are unprofitable. Neglected issues includes on universal service, special needs of minority, certain provisions of educational system and services to democratic political system by giving some degree of open and diverse information to fulfill the general needs of a public as a citizen in a given territory. For example; Radio Nepal, BBC World Service, European Broadcasting Association etc.

Audience survey

To get a measurement of a total number of audiences regarding particular media, audience survey is conducted. It is a research technique applied to know the total situation, distribution and preference of audience. This survey is conducted either to know the audience of particular media or to compare among different media and their audience. According to the nature of audience, there are different kinds of as audience survey which are as follows.

• Readership survey
• Viewership survey
• And listnership survey

Readership survey is conducted to know the total numbers of audience of given newspaper or magazine, whereas viewrship survey is conducted to know the total number of viewer of TV or its program. Like this, listnership survey is conducted to know the situation of audience of particular radio program.

Total numbers of audience will also determined by knowledge, skills, educational quality including availability of given media. To know the knowledge and skills of media especially the newspaper readability survey or feedback survey can be conducted. Readability survey tries to analyses the capacity of readers to read effectively and understand properly of media content. Researcher can also use feedback survey to know the knowledge, attitude and behavior of specified audience.

 Radio Bulletin

Headline news

Commercial break

Detail news; political, economical, international, sports

Headline and

Whether

Special edition

Newspapers are used to publish their especial edition in special time period. International newspapers are used to publish it especially on Sunday whereas it is published on Saturday.  Koseli of Kantipur Daily, City Post of The Kathmandu Post Daily, Perspective of THT, Sanibaharia of Gorkhapatra are the examples of special edition of Nepali newspapers.

Types of news

• According to the subject matter

1. Hard news: News related to very important and factual event or issues are hard news. If these issues are not disseminated instantly, it will be stale tomorrow. For example; political events, speech of prominent leader etc.
2. Soft news: This news which is simply written for leisure time and pleasure on less urgent matter is soft news. It does not address the reader directly but reader's emotional position, feeling like love, hate, jealously, news of engagement, weddings; sports are the examples of soft news.

According to the placement

1. Main news: Main news are the event which easily the matters of curiosity of people or of human i9nterest. This news is very important news.
2. Filler news: This type of news comes in newspaper in order to fill the gap I the space of newspaper. In a time of layout and designing, it may not be suitable. So, journalist writes news in order to fill the gap which may or may not be the important news issues.
3. Anchor news: It is placed in the bottom of newspaper which is also presented in feature issues too.

• On the basis of issues; Economical, social, political, environmental, geographical, parliamentary news etc.
• On the basis of practices; Conventional,  Analytical, Descriptive, Interpretive, Investigative
• On the basis of media; Radio news, TV news,

Introduction to make up

Introduction to make up

The layout or make up of a newspaper is designed to attract readership and to optimize the newspaper's effectiveness in presenting information. Newspapers with attractive layout and design can easily take eyesight of audience. Without the good layout and design, newspaper can't get attraction of reader. Generally, reader is used to look at above side of front page of newspaper.  Interesting content as well as attractive layout can add the recipe of reader of newspapers. Good quality and interesting content can't only attract audience but also the Size of alphabet, various kind of headline, good presentational style is used to play important role. Layout is the plan of placement of various news content including opinion for where and how this content presented in newspapers which is generally decided by various subeditor under the supervision of chief editors.

Elements of make up

There are so many elements of newspaper make up. These elements are used to attract reader. However no newspaper can use all elements even in single issues but are used as per the importance. Elements are also classified as text element, visual element and invisible element.

Text element:

1. Body detail: Body detail is the main body of the article, excluding headline, subheads, breakers, decks, etc. So, presentation and postures of this text play crucial role to make text good looking.
2. Byline: A line identifying the author of a story is byline which is generally smaller in size and in different font than the text of the article. Placing it in proper place of byline can be attractive.
3. Captions:  Text used to describe a picture, artwork or info graphics is caption which helps readers understand the real positioning of the pictures and can make text good looking.
4. Deck:  It is the part of the headline, which summarizes the story and also known as deck copy. Decks are often confused with subheads. Decks allow reader to go the main points of the article without reading further. Proper use of deck can be good looking.
5. Hammer: A larger headline above a smaller main headline which just includes few words; purpose to attract attention to major article can also play vital role in make up.
6. Header and footer: Text appearing above the top body copy margin is a header. Text below the bottom body copy margin is referred to footer. Headers and footers usually contain a document name, page numbers, and other relevant information. Newspaper's name and dateline in every page is placed in header and credit line of the editorial and publication house placed in footer of the last page.
7. Headline: The main title of article is headline which has large font across top of front page usually placed below the masthead. It plays vital role in newspaper make up.
8. Kicker: A smaller-point headline which is kept before main bold headline is called kicker in American practice and strap line in British practice. In interpretative, in-depth and investigative reporting, such a heading is used to make up newspaper.
9. Nameplates: A logo with company name is nameplate. Some companies have a nameplate with no logo as well. In such case, the text may be stylized.
10. Pull Quote:  to draw the attention of readers, pull quotes are created form the text within the body copy. They are nothing other than the important part of the article reprinted in the box with larger font and highlight with or without box.
11. Sidebar: Smaller articles or lists of facts which appear in boxes alongside the body copy are known as sidebars .Sidebars often provide additional information not included in the body of the article which is also used in make up of newspaper.
12. Subheads: Assisting headlines to break text into shorter segments is subheads which sometime appear beneath a headline. A subhead should be brief and clear which is also used in make up.
13. Teasers:  Short headline or sequence of headlines at the start of program designed to tease the audience's curiosity and keep them interested is teasers which are also used in make up process..

Visual element

1. Box and borders: Boxes and borders are used to clarify the edges of photographs, artwork, info-graphs or important news item which are the main element of newspaper make up.
2. Bullets and numbering: Bullets are used to point out the major items. Many subheads sometimes are presented in bullets. Sometimes numbers are used to count the main points instead of bullets. Bullets and numbers should not be larger then the font used for the text which are also used in the process of newspaper make up.
3. Cartoon: An amusing drawing in a newspaper or magazine, especially about politics or events in the news, is also used in newspaper make up.
4. Drops caps: Large capital letter with style presented at the beginning of articles or features is drops caps which are also used in newspaper make up.
5. Logo:  A graphical element or stylized treatment of text which is used to quickly identify a particular company.
6. Photographs: Pictures that is made by using a camera that has a film sensitive to light inside it are photograph. Photographs are the best attention capturing elements in newspaper layout.
7. Rule:  Straight line frequently used to separate news columns are also used in newspaper make up.
8. Info- graphics: Charts, Maps, diagrams, etc. are used to describe the news which attracts the eyeballs of reader.
9. Typography: Selection of the best fonts looking attractive to catch the eye of the reader as per the text is necessary which can play vital role in newspaper make up.

Invisible element

1. Column: Every newspaper page is divided into several columns; usually 8 columns in broadsheets.
2. Frames: Individual shapes in grid are frames. Some columns; software allows to create frames and then fill them with the appropriate content.
3. Grids: Grids are the underlying geometric patterns found in layouts. These patterns might not be rectangles. Each page of a document is based upon a grid, many magazines use triangular and oval shapes
4. Margin and gutter: A margin is an area of white space serving a buffer zone the most important martins of the newspapers are its four sides or edges. Margins between columns and pages are known as gutters. Gutter margins are gibber to allow newspaper folding or book binding.
5. Space: Space usually refers to white space. Sufficient space in the layout of newspapers makes readers relax to read the articles. Space is meaningful in various ways. Readers do not like a verbose layout. However, unnecessary space is the weakness of the layout designer.

Tips to make up editor

1. Important news or information should get priority in the top of the newspaper
2. Bold, small font, large font should ascertain on the basis of news.
3. All page of newspaper should be balance.
4. A picture presented in the top of newspaper is applicable.
5. No figure, photo or other map should paste in the middle folding side of newspaper.
6. Humorous pictures and cartoon should paste in the same place always.
7. If it is necessary to put more than one pictures in same page, it is better to put large photo in the beginning and gradually smaller one.
8. Alphabet of heading shouldn't be same in all news but should be variety.
9. The heading of the box news should be small.
10. One heading shouldn't touch the heading of other news and hyphen shouldn't use in heading.
11. There should be balance between heading and photo of news.
12. While designing the news, the format of advertisement shouldn't be forgotten.
13. Subheading is necessary in long news.
14. Box news should be presented in left or right side of newspaper, not in middle.
15. Cartoon and box news shouldn't be adjacent each other.
16. Pictures without page don't look attractive. So, if there is no pictures, box news should be given.
17. While pasting pictures, we shouldn't forget the posture of photo.
18. Advertisement shouldn't be pasted at the top of front page but it can be pasted in bottom side of newspaper.
19. Columns and bars, their width and length should be fit in news.
20. Significance of varieties and visual attraction shouldn't be forgotten.

Style of make up

a.                   Vertical make up: It is the kinds of news presentation in newspaper which is kept as per the column of newspaper where news and opinion is looked as upright.

b.                  Horizontal make up: These kinds of make up generally is used to focus on flat or straight parallel presentation of news which doesn't looked upright but straight long. Generally news story under banner heading and other is used to present on this kind of make up.

c.                   Focus make up: The focus of design is mainly looked upon main news and is used to try giving equal balance in designing too by make up editor. The use of border, box and other symbol shows the focus of news designing or make up beyond the main news too.

d.                  Centre make up: A style used to keep something in the center of newspaper is also the one style of make up. Generally, right side of top of the newspaper is taken as center point while balancing it on front page but it is center at top-left side on inner page. However, each central point of quarter side of newspaper is taken as center while making up newspaper.

e.                   Top to bottom make up: This make up style looks news from top of the newspaper to bottom but this style is very rare. This style is in fact, one style of vertical make up. 

f.                   Other. There may be other make up style as per the decision of make up editor.

News designer

The decision of news placement using various element of make up is used to be carried out by Make up editor. He/she should focus on check-clarity-condense. He/she may make comment on correction of names, place, words, figures, dates, abbreviations though it is done by subeditor.

Make up editor or layout editor or design editor is news designer under the collaboration of sub editor and other editor who generally comments on arrangement of typeface, photos, illustrations or graphics. So news designer makes comment on following element generally.

1. Effective display of news story according to its importance.
2. Production of pleasing effect to reader.
3. Use to all elements of make up as per the importance to pull the eyesight or reader.
4. Easy to read paper

The principle of design is qualities or characteristics of attraction inherent in concerned subject. If the style of news attracts news designer, to some extent, it will further attracts other general reader too.

So the responsibility of make up editor is to develop attractive make up of the newspaper. Today editing isn’t just verifying words, sentence structure and checking i9f they are in inverted pyramid, modern editing has many things to do with visual elements placing of pictures, selection of fonts, color, size, sketch, illustration etc. In other words, very glamorous look is needed with the sound news contents.

A good layout designer map out a visual path for readers to follow what comes first and gradually. It must be organized sot that the reader can move smoothly and easily through the news story. A good layout is easy to follow, arrange and emphasize information to make message as clear as possible.

A message can’t communicate unless it gets noticed. To get noticed, it has to stand out from the crowd by being different from everything around it. The approach you will use depends on the audience and its environment.

In gist, news designer makes comments on line, shape, texture, space, size, value, color etc. The right choice of elements of make up can create good layout and design. So, before planning to make any comment on news designing, following question should be considered.

1. When will document be used?
2. Where will it be used?
3. Why would someone use i?
4. Who will use it?
5. What will make the document more useful?

To be successful, a document must pass through five stages. It must be noticed, read, understood, remembered and action upon the message. Failure any at any of these stages generally means failure for the document. As a whole, design editor can try to apply all tips or principle of good layout to make document effective and to produce visual effects on the eyes of the reader.

 So, news designer may make comment on following.

5. Comment on advertisement placement
6. Comment on glamorous outlook of  news content
7. Comment on font/color/illustration
8. Comment on photograph and its caption
9. Comment on text and visual element of make up

Layout or Dummy

A layout is the plan for arrangement of type and art of photos, illustrations, or any other graphic including news and other information on newspaper which is presented in figure in the beginning. A good layout attracts and grabs reader's attention and pulls them into news piece which is completely appearance of newspapers. A good layout is easy to follow, arrange and emphasize message to make message as clear as possible. While making layout, it is not forgotten that what reader do want to read at first and how it is different than other.

Computer is providing support to ascertain the decision of layout and design in contemporary world. Computer has assisted to layout and design of newspaper. In fact, the concept of layout or design or make up is generally based and followed on newspaper or magazine or other late journal. Various programs of software like Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Image Ready, Page making including other office tools like Microsoft Word, Excel are used to make up and design of newspaper and magazine advertisement but page making is widely used. Computer helps to select various kinds of typography and font size to making layout and design attractive.

Process of Designing

Designing of newspaper page completely depends on plan of layout sketched or presented diagrammatically. Dummy of page may help designing and to give place value.

·         Planning : Planning is the first step of designing to ascertain how and where news story to be put.

·         Creativity: After the planning, concerned person is used to place news story and opinion in predefined area using their own creativity to show page attractive using various tools of design like typeface, color contrast, determination of column, selection of headline and its placement including all news story .

·         Production: After the use of creativity, designer finalize newspaper page to make it printable from printing press.

Principle of design/Layout

The use of design and make up elements attractively in each print media content is principle of design or layout which is different from time, place and environment.  The effective use of line, shape, texture, space, size, value and color to create unity and good looking is envisaged in principle of design. While making design of newspaper component, it shouldn’t be forgotten the subject matter to be clearly understood and read. Otherwise, effort of layout and design is vain. Generally Cursive writing, Italics typeface shouldn’t be used which creates difficulties to study the content which reduces the readability power of reader. So, the principle of design can be summarized as follows.

(iv) Balance:  It is equilibrium among all various parts and element of design and make up used in presentation of subject matter of advertisement in newspaper. If the letter spacing, copy division, word spacing is always same, that is symmetrical balance which is used in book but variety of style is used in newspaper which is generally asymmetrical balance. However, we can’t paste picture in the middle of newspaper in each page.

(v)   Contrast: It focuses on different-looking subject matter in newspaper which can easily gives information to reader which is important and which isn’t. Contrast in size, contrast in weight and contrast in position can help to make effective layout and design. Even color contrast and its variety of use can add in newspaper layout and design. Justified, left alignment, right alignment of subject matter can also show contrast.

(vi) Harmony: It consists effective use of every principle to make it good looking which focuses generally on balance, rhythm and unity of newspaper. Appropriate color, letter, tone, typeface, decoration etc emphasizes on harmony which makes easy to subject matter to read and to be understood.

(vii)     Emphasis: The effective use of visual element like box, border, info-graphs or ruler can help to emphasize advertisement which. Emphasis on subject matter can pull eyes of reader at first in given subject matter. Emphasis is made in each and every pages of newspaper which helps to identify attractive page. 

(viii)   Rhythm: It is the combination of balance, contrast, harmony, emphasis, unity, and variety altogether in each and every advertisement which shows the specific feature of particular newspaper. Rhythm represents the particular style of eye movement which is generally follows right to left. Same size font, picture, illustration in each and every page creates rhythm in various newspaper page and location. 

(ix) Unity: We have to focus each content of newspaper equally to make it good looking. We can make unity in each advertisement with the help of pictures, color, shape, texture, ruler by repetition time and again as per the necessity.

(x)   Variety: Variety in design is made just changing the style of typeface, shape, size or color or illustration, presentation of content and heading of subject matter. The style of page making may be different in each and every issues of newspaper content which is determined by creative person.