Model of Communication

Aristotle's Communication Model

Greek philosopher Aristotle developed this model before 2300 years ago.  This was mentioned in his book "Rhetoric" which is still popular.  This model is based on one-way communication. He is emphasized information source. According to Aristotle, there are five component involved in communication process. They are as follows;

1. The speaker

2. Message

3. The audience

4. The effects

5. The occasion

 

                                                           

According to Aristotle, communicator constructs the message to create the effect on the audience on various occasions. The main objectives of information source are to have the appreciation on constructed message by the receiver. Aristotle wrote on Rhetoric that the speaker makes the message on different occasion for different audience to create different effects. Communication is the information management process.  But it is not mentioned here. Likewise feedback is the essential factor to fulfill communication process properly. Feedback component is lacked on this communication model. This model is known as Liner model of communication. This model is more important on public allocating rather than interpersonal.

Lasswell Model of Communication

Harold Lasswell was developed this model in 1948, which had direct related with human communication. To know the communication, the following terms must be known to people.

Lasswell proposed a communication model in 1948. This was not different from Aristotle's model of communication model presented at 2300 years ago. Lasswell presented a five-point verbal model in a questioning form to make understandable on the action of mass communication. The sequence questions related to the five-points is as follows. 

Who means the communicator, who sends the information to the receiver or audience. What the receiver says is the information. According to the Lasswell, Communicator sends information to the receiver by the help of verbal medium to create effect. But what kinds of effects will have on the receiver is not mentioned here.

The communicator is the source of message that he delivers the message to the source. Lasswell said that in the process of communication, the source requires receivers and consumers of messages, the people with whom he communicates. The audience’s characters, their background, past experience, their Learning abilities, interest, abilities and values. But Lasswell did not mentioned about the feedback on receiver.

Lasswell developed communication model in 1948 on the basis of Aristotle model who portrays the message flow system in pluralistic society because pluralistic society consists diversity in channel and audience which may increases the level of choice for receiver. According to his model, the person who controls the mess age is source. Using his own conscience, message or information is used to be transmitted by source using applicable channel as per his ability. Receiver will get message which produces certain effect both positive and negative in a mind of audience. This model is also seen own way flow of linear model focusing on S-M-C-R-E Without the detail description and situation of communication elements. The main weakness of this communication model is not to paying attention on feedback. This model only is applied for mass communication process.

Shannon and Weaver Model

Clude Shannon and Weaver were developed the liner model of communication in 1949 to support the construction of the mathematical theory of communication. Which could be applied in a wide verity of communication situations weather human or mechanical. This model also makes no provision for feedback and for context. But this model introduced the concept of channel noise-distortion between the sending and receiving of signals.

Communication is based on complex technology mechanical and electronic equipment. While communication process different kinds of distrubances occurred between sender and receiver; that is called the noise of communication. The distort or interfere in communication process cause the noise. There are number of noise. Noise is unwanted sound that makes difficult to understand the important message.

According to Shannon and weaver, There are two types noise in  communication .

1.      Channel Noise: The availability of equipment-handling skills, electricity creats technological barrier. Such as, if there is no electricity supply in circuit, transmiting Antenna did not work, Distancing form the speaker are channel noise. Technological noise occurs if there is problem with a machine that is used as communication channel like telephone, radio, TV.

2.      Semantic Noise: Immediately jumping to conclusion, lack of receiver's interest on the message, difficulties with self-expression, misunderstandings are cause of semantic Noise. If you use complex language in message, receiver cannot understand the message. If the communicator did not understand the emotion of receiver, that would be the problem for receiver. It is a kind of semantic barrier. Suppose, a speaker uses a term for one meaning, the listener understands it different.

Shanon and Weaver model is also called mathematical model which has focus on electronic media and technology aw a telecommunication engineer. This model is processor of all modern mass communication model and theory. For the first time, they prepare the concept of electronic media in 1949. According to this model source sends message using transmitter. Transmitter corrects message into signal which is received by specific technology like radio and television set of household. There is channel noise or semantic noi8se between transmitter and receiver which reduces the efficiency of communication process. Finally receiver gets all sent information targeted to them. This message may make both positive and negative impact as a destination. In this way they describe the mass communication process in reference to electronic media however this model does not touch any concept of feedback which is its main weakens. It is also a linear model.

 Berlo's mode4l of communication

This model is also liner model which has depicted the information flowed from source to receiver. However, this model does not envisage the feedback is the reflection of the receiver. This model is also detail form of Lasswell model. Lasswell presented his model in linguistic form; whereas Berlo has presented his model diagrammatically form. According to this model, source is influenced by knowledge, skill, social system, culture and his surrounding. Perception regarding particular issues is varying from individual to individual. On the basis of his or her own attitude and ideology, source prepares message by using widely accepted structures by code or other elements which are also different from society to society and nation to nation. Receiver will also get information by using their sensory organ with a support of hearing, touching, smelling, tasting, watching etc. Finally received information will make certain effect on receiver. This effect will also be different from individual receiver to individual receiver within the background of their skill, attitude, culture, social system etc.

Westely and Maclean Model of Communication

Westley and Mclean model is also called ABX model in which is the source, b is receiver and x is message. According to this model, A communicates with B on the matter of X with the presence of gatekeeper C. Though this model had conceptualized feedback concept, it is itself linear expression from source to receiver. This model believes that there are different kinds of source information which is selected by professional communicator as per necessity. After the finalization of message by gatekeeper, such message is sent via media to the receiver. Sometime different source directly sends message to gatekeeper without providing opportunity to professional communicators. On the matter of X or message, gatekeeper may directly interacts with message provider, whereas sometime receiver indirectly sends feedback to gatekeeper or source as per the availability of feedback means.

Defluer Dennis model of communication 1966

The concept of Defluer model is based on mathematical model of Shannon and Wever model. This model is only the expression of previous technological model made by Shanon and Wever. Defluer conceptualize only the feedback in the destination without mentioning feedback. The concept of circulatory model is also found in this model who systematically analyzes the noise in each and every elements of communication. As a result, the efficiency of communication process can not be hundred percent because of the friction as a noise. According to this model, source sends message using transmitter to receiver. Destination can be understood as a certain effect occurred in the mind of receiver which can be both positive and negative. Receiver again reflects their opinion with a support of accessed technology to the primary source of information. When disseminating such a reflection from receiver to source, channel noise, source noise, psychological noise will make adverse effect.

                                                                                                                           

HUB Model

1. Effect
2. Audience
3. Filter
4. Regulations
5. Mass media
6. Gatekeeper
7. Code

Below

1. media
2. Distortion
3. Noise

Right: Contents and media amplifications

Left: Contents and feedback

This model is also called circular model. According to this model, the communication process is perceived as a set of concentric circles or ripple that becomes ever widening circles which forms multi level of the wave from center of pond to border of pond. Like this, communication process is also concentric circles made by pebbles in pond. In communication process, communicator prepares contents in the form code which is monitored by gatekeeper, finalized this information by gatekeeper is sent via. Mass media like radio, television under the framework of different regulatory mechanism. Regulatory mechanism like constitution, Act, Bill works as a filter. At last, audience will get message which produces certain effect in their mentality. During those processes, strength of message will be reduced gradually from communicator to effect because of the media distortion. Finally, receiver will send theory feedback to source using same process or technique. This process of mass communication is never ending process which is occurred in new and new issues.

Convergence Model of Communication

D. Lawrence Kancaid was developed in this model on 1979, which is most applicable on this modern world. It is based on the principles of cybernatics. The analytical concepts of interaction, self generation, mutal exchange and information sharing as well as mutual understanding explain the human communication.

 In convergence model, there may have been occurred active feedback (Convergence) and Passive Feedback (Divergence).  The model was formed on the basis of active and passive feedback. According to D.Lawrence Kancaid, effective feedback creates convergence and ineffective feedback creates divergence.

According to convergence model, two parties are involved on communication process on the basis of convergence and divergence level format. The information are exchanged within two way communication process. The participant converge and diverge on their relative position overtime to reach mutual understanding of the reality.

There are two types of reality created by the participant. That are named as the Psychological Reality A and Psychological reality B, According to Kancaid, A and B Shares the information on the basis of their active participation on communication process. These both groups exchange the information that is actual Physical reality. In this process, Psychological Reality A and Psychological reality B perceives the information in their own style and skills. To know the meaning of the message, A&B will have believed the message on the basis of their action. After Collective action, both groups will reach agreement to create certain effect on each other. This model emphasized that there is interaction among the senders and receivers through several networks, feedback loops; contextual approach to meaning in a communication situation is important to reach mutual understanding between the participants in the communication process of convergence is necessary for any effective communication. So, to fulfill the communication process, there must be effective feedback among the participant in convergence model. If the people participate actively then the convergence will happen. It they don’t participate actively, then divergence. This creates social reality.